Search
Close this search box.

E-chapters

From Chitin to Chitosan

Back to top

References

A SERIES OF BOOKS ON CHITIN & CHITOSAN 

  • Chitin and Chitosan Sources, chemistry, biochemistry, physical properties and applications, editors : Skjak-Braek, G., Anthonsen, T., Sandford, P.A. Springer 1989
  • Chitosan -Based Systems for Biopharmaceuticals, editors B.Sarmento and J. Das Neves, Wiley 2007
  • Marine Chitin and Chitosan, editors : Riccardo A.A. Muzzarelli, MDPI Polymers, Special Issue 2010
  • Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharides, and Their Derivatives : Biological Activities and Applications, editor Se-Kwon Kim, CRC Press Boca Raton (USA), Parution : 01/01/2011 eBook Published 14 July 2010
  • Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives : Advances in Drug Discovery and Developments, editor : Se-Kwon Kim, CRC Press 2013
  • Chitin and Chitosans, editors : Kjell & M. Vårum, MDPI – Polymers, Special Issue 2014
  • New Trends in Cellulose and Chitin Chemistry, editor : Jun Araki, MDPI – Molecules 2015
  • Biomedical Applications of Chitin and Chitosan, editor : Kazuo Azuma MDPI – Polymers 2015
  • Chitin and Chitosan for Regenerative Medicine, editor : Pradip Kumar Dutta, Springer, Collection : Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials 2015
  • Chitosan Based Nanomaterials in Plant Growth and Protection, editors : Ajay Pal & Vinod Saharan, Springer, Collection : Springer Briefs in Plant Science 2016
  • Chitosan : Derivatives, Composites, and Applications, editors : Shakeel Ahmed & Saiqa Ikram, Scrivener Publishing, Wiley 2017
  • Chitosan-Based Hydrogels : Functions, and Applications, editors : Kangde Yao, Junjie Li, Fanglian Yao & Yuji Yin, CRC Press 2017
  • Chitin, Chitosan, and Related Enzymes, editors : Massimiliano Fenice, MDPI- Molecules Special Issue 2017
  • Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives : Biological Activities and Application, editor : Mar Masson, MDPI Molecules, Special Issue 2017
  • Advances in Marine Chitin and Chitosan II, 2017, editors : Hitoshi Sashiwa & David Harding, MDPI -Marine Drugs, Special Issue 2018
  • Starch, Chitin and Chitosan Based Composites, and Nanocomposites,editors : M.S.Thomas, R.R.Koshy, S.K.Mary & S.Thomas, Springer Collection : SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science 2019
  • Chitin and Chitosan : Properties, and Applications, editors L. A. M. van den Broek, C.G. Boeriu & C.V. Stevens, Publisher John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Hoboken, United States 2019
  • Advances in Chitin/Chitosan Characterization, and Applications, editors : M. Rinaudo & F. M. Goycoolea, MDPI-Polymers, Special Issue 2019
  • Chitin and Chitosan : Properties and Applications, editor : San-Lang Wang, MDPI-Polymers Special Issue Sept 2019
  • Marine Chitin 2019, editor : Hitoshi Sashiwa, MDPI-Marine Drugs, Dec 2019
  • Modifications and Applications of Chitin/Chitosan editor : J.D. Baumgardner, MDPI-Polymers 2019

REFERENCES

  • Abou-Aiad THM, Abd-El-Nour KN, Hakim IK, Elsabee MZ. Dielectric and interaction behavior of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol and chi-tosan/polyvinyl pyrrolidone blends with some antimicrobial activi-ties. Polymer 2005 ; 47 : 379–89.
  • Aiba S. Studies on chitosan : 3. Evidence for the presence of random and block copolymer structures in partially Nacetylated chitosans. Int J Biol Macromol 1991 ; 13:40–4.
  • Aiba S-I, Minoura N, Fujiwara Y. Graft copolymerization of amino acids onto partially deacetylated Chitin. Int J Biol Macromol 1985 ; 7:120–1.
  • Akinc A, Thomas M, Klibanov AM, Langer R Exploring polyethyl-enimine‐mediated DNA transfection and the proton sponge hypothe-sis. J. Gen. Med. 2005 ; 7 : 657-663.
  • Alatorre-Meda M, Taboada P, Hartl F, Wagner T, Freis M, Rodríguez JR. The influence of chitosan valence on the complexation and trans-fection of DNA : the weaker the DNA–chitosan binding the higher the transfection efficiency. Colloid Surface B. 2001 ; 82 : 54-62.
  • Aiba, S. I. (1991). Studies on chitosan : 3. Evidence for the presence of random and block copolymer structures in partially N-acetylated chitosans. International journal of biological macromolecules, 13(1), 40-44.
  • Allan GG, Fox JR, Kong N, in Proceedings of 1st International Confer-ence on Chitin/Chitosan (1977), R.A.A. Muzzarelli and E.R. Pariser (eds), MIT Sea Grant Program 1978 ; 78 : 108.
  • Allan GG, Peyron M. Molecular weight manipulation of chitosan I : kinetics of depolymerization by nitrous acid. Carbohydr Res 1995 ; 277:257–72.
  • Allan GG, Peyron M. Molecular weight manipulation of chitosan II : prediction and control of extend of depolymerization by nitrous acid. Carbohydr Res 1995 ; 277:273–82.
  • Amaduzzi F, Bomboi F, Bonincontro A, Bordi F, Casciardi S, Chronopoulou L, Diociaiuti M, Mura F, Palocci C, Sennato S. Chitosan–DNA complexes : charge inversion and DNA condensation. Colloid Surface B ; 2014 : 114 1-10.
  • Andrew2008 ; CA, Khor E, Hastings GW. The influence of anionic chitin derivatives on calcium phosphate crystallization. Biomaterials 1998 ; 19:1309–16.
  • Angelini, G, Boncompagni De Maria SP, Fontana A, Gasbarri C, Siani G Kinetic evaluation of the effect of layer by layer deposition of poly-electrolytes on the stability of POPC liposomes. Colloid Surface A ; 322 : 234-238.
  • Annachhatre AP, Win NN, Chandrkrachang S. Adsorption of copper on chitosan. In : Stevens WF, Rao MS, Chandrkrachang S, editors. Chitin and chitosan—environmental friendly and versatile biomateri-als. Proceedings of the second Asia Pacific Symposium. 1996. p. 169–73.
  • Anthonsen MW, Va˚rum KM, Smidsrød O. Solution properties of chitosans : conformation and chain stiffness of chitosans with differ-ent degrees of N-acetylation. Carbohydr Polym 1993 ; 22:193–201.
  • Arguelles–Monal W, Cabrera G, Peniche C, Rinaudo M. Conductimetric study of the interpolyelectrolyte reaction between chitosan and polygalacturonic acid. Polymer 2000 ; 41:2373–8.
  • Arguelles-Monal W, Goycoolea FM, Lizardi J, Peniche C, Higuera-Ciapara I. Chitin and chitosan in gel network systems. In : Bohidar HB, Dubin P, Osada Y, editors. Polymer gels. ACS Symposium Series No. 833. Washington D.C. : American Chemical Society ; 2003. p. 102–22.
  • Arguelles-Monal W, Peniche C. Study of the interpolyelectrolyte reaction between chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose. Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 1988 ; 9:693–7.
  • Argüelles-Monal W, Lizardi-Mendoza J, Fernández-Quiroz D, Recillas-Mota M, Montiel-Herrera M. Chitosan derivatives : introducing new functionalities with a controlled molecular architecture for innovative materials. Polymers 2018 ; 10, 342.
  • Atkins EDT, Dlugosz J, Foord S. Electron diffraction andelectron microscopy of crystalline a-chitin from the grasping spines of the marine worm Sagitta. Int J BiolMacromol 1979 ; 1:29–32.
  • Atkins EDT. Conformation in polysaccharides and complexcarbohy-drates. J Biosci 1985 ;8:375–87.
  • Austin PR, Brine J. Chitin films and fibers. USPatent 4,029,727 ; 1977.
  • Austin PR. Chitin solvents and solubility parameters. In : Zikakis JP, editor. Chitin and chitosan and related enzymes. Orlando : Academic Press, Inc. ; 1984. p. 227–37
  • Austin PR. Solvents for and purification of chitin. USpatent 3,892,731 ; 1975 and Purification of chitin. USPatent 3,879, 377 ; 1975.
  • Auzely R, Rinaudo M. Controlled chemical modifications of chitosan characterization and investigation of original properties. Macromol Biosci 2003 ; 3:562–5.
  • Auzely-Velty R, Rinaudo M. Chitosan derivatives bearing pendant cyclodextrin cavities : synthesis and inclusion performance. Macro-molecules 2001 ; 34:3574–80.
  • Auzely-Velty R, Rinaudo M. New supramolecular assemblies of a cyclodextrin grafted chitosan through specific complexation. Macro-molecules 2002 ; 35:7955–62.
  • Babak V, Kildeyeva N, Merkovich E. The production of chitosan–surfactant complex gel capsules for enzyme delivery. In : Poceedings of the 28th international symposium on controlled release of bioac-tive materials and 4th consumer & diversified products conference. vol. 2, San Diego, CA ; 2001. p. 940–41.
  • Babak V, Lukina I, Vikhoreva G, Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M. Interfacial properties of dynamic association between chitin derivatives and surfactants. Colloids Surf A : Physicochem Eng Aspects 1999 ; 147 : 139–48 ;
  • Babak VG, Merkovich EA, Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M. Formation of an ordered nanostructure in surfactant–-polyelectrolyte complexes formed by interfacial diffusion. Polym Bull 2000 ; 45:77–81 ;
  • Babak VG, Merkovich EA, Galbraikh LS, Shtykova EV, Rinaudo M. Kinetics of diffusionally induced elation and ordered nanostructure formation in surfactant–polyelectrolyte complexes formed at wa-ter/water emulsion type interfaces. Mendeleyev Commun 2000 ; 3:94–5.
  • Babak VG, Rinaudo M, Desbrie`res J, Vikhoreva G A, Michalski MC. The effect of alkyl chain length of a polysoap on the surface activity of its complexes with cationic surfactants. Mendeleyev Commun 1997:149–51.
  • Babak VG, Rinaudo M. Physico-chemical properties of chitin-surfactant complexes. In : Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, editors. Chi-tosan in pharmacy and chemistry. Grottammare (Italy) : ATEC ; 2002. p. 277–84.
  • Bansal R, Rouf Mian AA, Mittapalli O, Michel AP Characterization of a Chitin Synthase Encoding Gene and Effect of Diflubenzuron in Soy-bean Aphid, Aphis Glycines, Int. J. Bio. Sci. 2012 ; 8:1323-1334
  • Baran ET, Mano JF, Reis RL. Starch–Chitosan hydrogels prepared by reductive alkylation cross-linking. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2004 ; 15:759–65.
  • Bartkowiak A, Hunkeler D. Alginate-oligochitosan microcapsules. II. Control of mechanical resistance and permeability of the membrane. Chem Mater 2000 ; 12 : 206–12.
  • Bartkowiak A, Hunkeler D. Alginate-oligochitosan microcapsules:a mechanistic study relating membrane and capsule properties to reaction conditions. Chem Mater 1999 ; 11:2486–92.
  • Bartkowiak AW, Roberts GAF. Preparation and properties of novel N-alkylchitosan derivatives. In : Karniki SZ, editor. Chitin world. Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Bremerhaven, Germany ; 1994. p. 119–126.
  • Bartnicki-Garcia S, Persson J, Chanzy H. An electron microscope and electron diffraction study of the effect of calcofluor and congo red on the biosynthesis of chitin invitro. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994 ; 310:6–15.
  • Baxter A, Dillon M, Taylor KD, Roberts GAF. Improved method for I.R. determination of the degree of Nacetylation of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 1992 ; 14 : 166–9.
  • Benjaminsen RV, Mattebjerg MA, Henriksen JR, Moghimi SM, An-dresenn TL The possible “proton sponge” effect of polyethylenimine (PEI) does not include change in lysosomal pH. Mol. Ther. 2013 ; 21:149-157.
  • Berth G, Dautzenberg H. The degree of acetylation of chitosans and its effect on the chain conformation in aqueous solution. Carbohydr Polym 2002 ; 47:39–51.
  • Berth G, Voigt A, Dautzenberg H, Donath E, Moehwald H. Polyelectro-lyte complexes and layer-by-layer capsules from chitosan/chitosan sulphate. Biomacromolecules 2002 ; 3:579–90.
  • Bhatia SC, Ravi N. A magnetic study of a Fe–chitosan complex and its relevance to other biomolecules. Biomacromolecules 2000 ; 1:413–7.
  • Bi Y, Hubbard C, Purushotham P, Zimmer J, Insights into the structure and function of membrane-integrated processive glycosyltransferas-es, Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2015 ; 34 : 78–86.
  • Birch J, van Calsteren MR, Perez S, B Svensson B, The exopolysaccha-ride properties and structures database : EPS-DB. Application to bacterial exopolysaccharides Carbohydrate Polymers 2018 ; 205 : 565-570
  • Blackwell J, Parker KD, Rudall KM. Chitin in pogonophoretubes. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 1965 ;45:659–61.
  • Blackwell J. Chitin. In : Walton AG, Blackwell J, editors.Biopolymers. New York : Academic Press ; 1973. p. 474–89.
  • Blackwell J. Structure of b-chitin or parallel chain systems of poly-b-(1-4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Biopolymers 1969 ; 7:281–98.
  • Bochicchio, S, Dalmoro A, Barba A, Grassi G, Lamberti GI Liposomes as siRNA Delivery Vectors., Curr. Drug Metab. ; 2015 ; 15 : 882–892.
  • Bordi F, Chronopoulou L, Palocci C, Bomboi F, Di Martino A, Cifani N, Pompili B, Ascenzioni F, Sennato S Chitosan–DNA complexes : effect of molecular parameters on the efficiency of delivery. Colloid Surface A. ; 2010 : 460 :184-190.
  • Bouvree A, Feller JF, Castro M, Grohens Y, Rinaudo, M, Conductive polymer nano-biocomposites (CPC) : chitosan-carbon nanoparticle a good candidate to design polar vapour sensors, Sens. Actuat. B-Chem., 138, 2009, 138-147
  • Bouligand Y (1965) Sur une architecture torsadée répandue dans de nombreuses cuticles d’arthropodes. Comptes Rendus Hebdoma-daires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences Paris : Gauthier-Villars & Cie, éditeur-imprimeur-libraire, tome 261:3665–3668
  • Braconnot H (1811a) Sur la nature des champignons. In : Recueil de Mémoires concernant la chimie et les arts qui en dépendent et spé-cialement la pharmacie. 31 juillet 1811. Librairie des Ecoles Impé-riales Polytechnique et des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris. Klostermann J (ed) Annales de Chimie, tome soixante-dix-neuf, pp 265–304
  • Braconnot H (1811b) Des recherches analytiques sur la nature des champignons. In : recueil de Mémoires concernant la chimie et les arts qui en dépendent et spécialement la pharmacie. 31 octobre 1811. Librairie des Ecoles Impériales Polytechnique et des Ponts et Chaus-sées, Paris. Klostermann J (ed) Annales de Chimie, tome soixante-dix-neuf, pp 272–292
  • Braconnot H (1811c) De la fongine, ou analyse des champignons. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts. Paris : chez Courcier, Imprimeur-Libraire pour les mathématiques, tome LXXIII, pp 130–135
  • Braconnot H (1813) Nouvelles recherches analytiques sur la nature des champignons, pour servir de suite à celles qui ont été insérés dans les tomes LXXIX et LXXX des Annales de chimie. Annales de Chimie. In : Recueil de Mémoires concernant la chimie et les arts qui en dépendent et spécialement la pharmacie. 31 août 1813. Librairie des Ecoles Impériales Polytechnique et des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris. Klostermann J (ed) Annales de Chimie, tome soixante-dix-neuf, pp 237–270
  • Bravo-Anaya, LM, F. Pignon, F. A. Soltero and M. Rinaudo., Confor-mation and Rheological Properties of Calf-Thymus DNA in Solution, Polymers 2016 ; 8, 51
  • Bravo-Anaya, LM, Soltero JFA & Rinaudo M, .DNA/chitosan electro-static complex, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 88 (2016) 345–353 .
  • Bravo-Anaya LM, Fernández-Solis KG, Rosselgong J, Nano-Rodríguez, JLE, Carvajal F, Rinaudo M, , Chitosan LM-DNA polyelectro-lyte complex : influence of chitosan characteristics and mechanism of complex formation, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2019 ; 126, 1037–1049
  • Breton C, Mucha J, Jeanneau C, Structural and functional features of glycosyltransferases Biochimie 2001 ; 83 : 713-718
  • Brugnerotto J, Desbrieres J, Heux L, Mazeau K, Rinaudo M. Overview on structural characterization of chitosan molecules in relation with their behavior in solution. Macromol Symp 2001 ; 168:1–20.
  • Brugnerotto J, Desbrieres J, Roberts G, Rinaudo M. Characterization of chitosan by steric exclusion chromatography. Polymer 2001 ; 42:9921–7.
  • Brugnerotto J, Lizardi J, Goycoolea FM, Argu¨elles-Monal W, Desbri-eres J, Rinaudo M. An infrared investigation in relation with chitin and chitosan characterization. Polymer 2001 ; 42:3559–80.
  • Brunner E, Richthammer P, Ehrlich H, Paasch S, Simon P, Ueberlein S ; van Pée K-H RChitin‐Based Organic Networks : An Integral Part of Cell Wall Biosilica in the Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana Ang. Chemie, 2009 ; https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200905028
  • Bulher E, Guetta O, Rinaudo M. Characterization of semiflexible poly-electrolyte solutions in the presence of excess salt : from dilute to semidilute regime. Int J Polym Anal Charact 2000 ; 6:155–75.
  • Bulher E, Rinaudo M. Structural and dynamical properties of semi rigid polyelectrolyte solutions : a light-scattering study. Macromole-cules 2000 ; 33:2098–106.
  • Buschmann MD, Merzouki A, Lavertu M, Thibault M, Jean M, Darras V. Chitosans for delivery of nucleic acids. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev., 2013 ; 65 : 1234-1270.
  • Carlström D (1957) The crystal structure of α-chitin (poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1957 3:669–683
  • Carpozza RC. Spinning and shaping poly-(N-acetyl-Dglucosamine). US Patent 3,988, 411 ; 1976 and Solution of poly-(N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). US Patent 3,989,535 ; 1976.
  • Cartier N, Domard A, Chanzy H. Single crystals of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 1990 ; 12:289–94.
  • Chanzy H. Chitin crystals. In : Domard A, Roberts GAF,Varum KM, editors. Advances in chitin science. Lyon, France : Jacques Andre ; 1998. p. 11–21.
  • Charlot A, Auzely-Velty R, Rinaudo M. Specific interactions in model charged polysaccharide systems. J Phys Chem B 2003 ; 107:8248–54.
  • Chenite A, Buschmann M, Wang D, Chaput C, Kandani N. Rheological characterization of thermogelling chitosan/glycerol-phosphate solu-tions. Carbohydr Polym 2001 ; 46 : 39–47.
  • Chenite A, Chaput C, Wang D, Combes C, Buschmann MD, Hoemann CD, et al. Novel injectable neutral solutions of chitosan form biode-gradable gels in situ.Biomaterials 2000 ;21:2155–61.
  • Chiessi E, Paradossi G, Venanzi M, Pispisa B. Association complexes between Fe(III) or Cu(II) ions and chitosan
  • Cho J, Heuzey MC, Beguin A, Carreau PJ. Physical gelation of chitosan in the presence of b-glycerophosphate : the effect of temperature. Biomacromolecules 2005 ; 6 : 3267–75.
  • Cho Y-W, Jang J, Park CR, Ko S-W. Preparation and solubility in acid and water of partially deacetylated chitins. Biomacromolecules 2000 ; 1:609–14.
  • Chow KS, Khor E. New fluorinated chitin derivatives : synthesis, char-acterization and cytotoxicity assessment. Carbohydr Polym 2001 ; 47:357–63.
  • Chretiennot-Dinet M-J, Giraud-Guille M-M, Vaulot D,Putaux J-L, Chanzy H. The chitinous nature of filament ejected by Phaeocystis (Prymnesiophycae). J Phycol1997 ; 33:666–72.
  • M.Alatorre-Meda M, Taboada P, Sabín J, Krajewska B, Varela LM, Rodríguez JR. DNA–chitosan complexation : a dynamic light scattering study. Colloid Surface A. 2009 ; 339 : 145-152.
  • Chung TW, Yang J, Akaibe T, Cho KY, Nah JW, Kim SI, et al. Prepara-tion of alginate/galactosylated chitosan scaffold for hepatocyte attachment. Biomaterials 2002 ; 23 : 2827–34.
  • Clark GL, Smith AF. X-ray studies of chitin, chitosan, and derivatives. J Phys Chem 1936 ; 40:863–79.
  • Clerc O, Deniaud M, Vallet SD, Naba A, Rivet A, Perez S, Thierry-Mieg N, Ricard Blum S,.. MatrixDB : integration of new data with a focus on glycosaminoglycan interactions Nucleic acids research 2019 ; 47:D376-D381
  • Clerc O, Mariethoz J, Rivet A, Lisacek F, Perez S, Ricard-Blum S A pipeline to translate glycosaminoglycan sequences into 3D models. Application to the exploration of glycosaminoglycan conformational space, Glycobiology 2018 ; 29 : 36-
  • Crini, G, Historical landmarks in the discovery of chitin, Sustainable Agriculture Reviews ; 2019 : 35.
  • Darmon SE, Rudall KM. Infra-red and X-ray studies of chitin. Disc Faraday Soc 1950 ; 9:251–60.
  • Datta PK, Basu PS, Datta TK. Isolation and characterization of Vicia faba lectin affinity purified on chitin column. Prep Biochem 1984 ;14 : 373–87.derivatives. A thermodynamic and spectroscopic investiga-tion. Int J Biol Macromol 1993 ; 15:145–51.
  • Desai KGH, Park HJ. Encapsulation of vitamine C in tripolyphosphate cross-linked chitosan microsperes by spray drying. J Microencapsula-tion 2005 ; 22:179–92.
  • Desbrieres J, Martinez C, Rinaudo M. Hydrophobic derivatives of chitosan : characterization and rheological behaviour. Int J Biol Mac-romol 1996 ; 19:21–8.
  • Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M, Babak V, Vikhoreva V. Surface activity of water soluble amphiphilic chitin derivatives. Polym Bull 1997 ; 39:209–15.
  • Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M, Chtcheglova L. Reversible thermothickening of aqueous solutions of polycations from natural origin. Macromol Symp 1997 ; 113:135–49.
  • Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M. Interactions between chitin derivatives and surfactants. In : El-Nokaly MA, Soini HA, editors. Polysaccharide appli-cations : cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. ACS Symposium Series 1999 ; 737. p. 199–213.
  • Doares SH, Syrovets T, Weiler EW, Ryan CA. Oligogalacturonides and chitosan activate plant defensive genes through the octadecanoid pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995 ; 92:4095–8.
  • Domard A, Gey C, Rinaudo M, Terrassin C. 13C and 1H NMR spec-troscopy of chitosan and N-trimethyl chloride derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 1987 ; 9:233–7.
  • Domard A, Rinaudo M, Terrassin C. A new method for the quaterni-zation of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 1986 ; 8 : 105–7.
  • Domard A, Rinaudo M, Terrassin C. Adsorption of chitosan and a quaternized derivative on kaolin. J Appl Polym Sci 1989 ; 38:1799–806.
  • Domard A, Rinaudo M. Preparation and characterization of fully deacetylated chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 1983 ; 5 : 49–52.
  • Domard A. pH and CD measurements on fully deacetylated chitosan : application to Cu II—Polymer. Int J Biol Macromol 1987 ; 9:98–104.
  • Domszy JG, Roberts GAF. Evaluation of infrared spectroscopic tech-niques for analysing chitosan. Makromol Chem 1985 ; 186:1671–7.
  • Duan, B., Huang, Y., Lu, A. & Zhang L., Recent advances in chitin based materials constructed via physical methods. Progress in Polymer Science, 2018, 82, 1-33.
  • Duan, J., Liang, X., Cao, Y., Wang, S., & Zhang, L. High strength chitosan hydrogels with biocompatibility via new avenue based on construct-ing nanofibrous architecture. Macromolecules, 2015 ;48 : 2706-2714.
  • Dweltz NE, Colvin JR, McInnes AG. Studies on chitin(b-(1-4)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucan) fibers from the diatom Thalassiosira fluviatilis, Hustedt. III. Thestructure of chitin from X-ray diffraction and electron microscope observations. Can J Chem 1968 ; 46:1513–21.
  • Einbu A, Naess SN, Elgsaeter A, Va˚rum KM. Solution properties of chitin in alkali. Biomacromolecules 2004 ; 5:2048–54 ;
  • El Zein AR, Dabbarh F, Chaput C. Injectable self-setting calcium phos-phate cement. In : Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, editors. Chitosan in pharmacy and chemistry. Grottammare (Italy) : ATEC ; 2002. p. 365–70.
  • Eli W, Chen W, Xue Q. The association of anionic surfactants with b-cyclodextrins. An isothermal titration calorimeter study. J Chem Thermodyn 1999 ; 31:1283–96.
  • Erbacher P, Zou S, Bettinger T, Steffan, AM, Remy JS. Chitosan-based vector/DNA complexes for gene delivery : biophysical characteristics and transfection ability. Pharmaceut. Res. 1998 ; 15:1332-1339.
  • Falk M, Smith DG, McLachlan J, McInnes AG. Studies on chitin (b-(1-4)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucan) fibers of the diatom Thalassiosira fluviatilis Hustedt. II. Proton magnetic resonance, infra-red, and X-ray studies. Can J Chem 1966 ; 44:2269–81.
  • Fang, Y., Duan, B., Lu, A., Liu, M., Liu, H., Xu, X., & Zhang, L. (2015). Intermolecular interaction and the extended wormlike chain confor-mation of chitin in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. Biomacromolecules, 16(4), 1410-1417.
  • Filho BP, Lemos FJ, Secundino NF, Pascoa V, Pereira ST, Pimenta PF, Presence of chitinase and beta-Nacetylglucosaminidase in the Aedes aegypti : a chitinolytic system involving peritrophic matrix formation and degradation. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2002 ; 32 : 1723-1729.
  • Focher B, Naggi A, Torri G, Cosani A, Terbojevich M. Structural dif-ferences between chitin polymorphs and their precipitates from solutions-evidence from CP-MAS 13CNMR, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 1992 ; 17:97–102.
  • Fukamizo T, Kramer K.J Mechanism of chitin hydrolysis by the binary chitinase system in insect moulting fluid. Insect Biochem. 1985 ; 15 : 141-145.
  • Fukamizo T, Kramer K.J (1985b). Mechanism of chitin oligosaccha-ride hydrolysis by the binary enzyme chitinase system in insect moulting fluid. Insect Biochem. 1985 ; 15 : 1-7.
  • Fukui Y, Fujimoto K. The preparation of sugar polymer-coated nanocapsules by the layer-by-layer deposition on the liposome. Langmuir, 2009 ; 25 : 10020-10025.
  • Gagnaire D, Saint-Martin J, Vincendon M. NMR studies of chitin and chitin derivatives. Makromol Chem 1982 ; 183:593–601 ;
  • Gaill F, Persson J, Sugiyama P, Vuong R, Chanzy H. Thechitin system in the tubes of deep sea hydrothermal vent worms. J Struct Biol 1992 ; 109:116–28.
  • Galat A, Koput J, Popowicz J. Analyses of infrared amide bands of chitin. Acta Biochim Polonica 1979 ; 26:303–8.
  • Garcia CE, Soltero A, Bossard F, Rinaudo M. Biomaterials Based on Electrospun Chitosan. Relation between Processing Conditions and Mechanical Properties, Polymers 2018 ; 10, 257
  • Gardner KH, Blackwell J. Refinement of the structure of b-chitin. Biopolymers 1975 ;14:1581–95.
  • Gilson E (1894a) Recherches chimiques sur la membrane cellulaire des champignons. Bull Soc Chim France 3:1099–1102 ;(1894b) Recherches chimiques sur la membrane cellulaire des champignons. La Cellule, tome XI, 1er fascicule, p 7 ; Gilson E (1894c) Note sur le corps azote de la membrane cellulaire des champignons. Bull Soc Chim Paris, novembre 1894, n° 23, p 590 ; Gilson E (1895) Das chitin und die membranen der pilzzellen. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 28:821–822.
  • Gomez-Guillen M, Gomez-Sanchez A, Martin-Zamora M E. A derivative of chitosan and 2, 4-pentanedione with strong chelating properties. Carbohydr Res 1992 ; 233 : 255–9.
  • Gonell HW. Rotgenographische studien an chitin. ZPhysiol Chem 1926 ; 152:18–30.
  • Goycoolea F, Arguelles-Monal W, Peniche C, Higuera-Ciapara I. Chitin and chitosan. In : Doxastakis G, Kiosseoglou V, editors. Novel macro-molecules in food systems. Developments in food science, vol. 41. Amsterdam : Elsevier ; 2000. p. 265–308.
  • Goycoolea FM, Arguelles-Monal WM, Lizardi J, Peniche C, Heras A, Galed G, Diaz EI. Temperature and pHsensitive chitosan hydrogels : DSC, rheological and swelling evidence of a volume phase transition. Polym Bull, 2006, inpress.
  • Hall LD, Yalpani M. Derivatives of chitins, chitosans and other poly-saccharides. US Patent 4,424,346 ; 1984.
  • Hall LD, Yalpani MD. Formation of branched-chain, soluble polysac-charides from chitosan. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1980:1153–4 ;
  • Hamman JH, Kotze´ AF. Paracellular absorption enhancement across intestinal epithelia by N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. In : Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, editors. Chitosan in pharmacy and chemistry. Grottammare (Italy) : ATEC ; 2002. p. 41–50 ;
  • Harris JM, Struk EC, Case MG, Paley MS, Yalpani M, Van Alstin JM, et al. Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol)derivatives. J Polym Sci Poly Chem Ed 1984 ; 22:341–52.
  • Hasegawa M, Isogai A, Kuga S, Onabe F. Preparation of cellulose–chitosan blend film using chloral/dimethylformamide.Polymer 1994 ;35:983–7.
  • Helbert W, Sugiyama J. High-resolution electron microscopy on cellulose II and a-chitin single crystals. Cellulose 1998 ; 5:113–22.
  • Henrissat B Classification of chitinases modules 1999 ; EXS 87, 137-156
  • Heras A, Rodriguez NM, Ramos VM, Agullo E. N-methylene phosphon-ic chitosan : a novel soluble derivative. Carbohydr Polym 2000 ; 44:1–8.
  • Herget S, Ranzinger R, Maass K, von der Lieth C. Glycoct – a unifying sequence format for carbohydrates. Carbohydrate Res., 2008 ; 343 : 2162-2171.
  • Herth W, Kuppel A, Schnepf E. chitinous fibrils in the lorica of the flagellate chrysophyte Poterioochromonas stipitata (syn. Ochromo-nas malhamensis). J Cell Biol1977 ; 73:311–21.
  • Herth W, Mulisch M, Zugenmaier P. Comparison of chitinfibril struc-ture and assembly in three unicellular organisms. In : Muzzarelli R, Jeuniaux C, Gooday GW, editors. Chitin in nature and technology. New York : Plenum Publishing Corporation ; 1986. p. 107–20.
  • Heux L, Brugnerotto J, Desbrieres J, VersaliMF, Rinaudo M. Solid state NMR for determination of degree of acetylation of chitin and chi-tosan. Biomacromolecules 2000 ; 1:746–51.
  • Hill IRC, Garnett MC, Bignotti F, Davis SS Determination of protection from serum nuclease activity by DNA–polyelectrolyte complexes using an electrophoretic method. Anal. Biochem. 2001 ; 291 : 62-68.
  • Hirano S, Hayashi K-I, Hirochi K. Some N-acyl derivatives of O-carboxymethylchitosan. Carbohydr Res 1992 ; 225 : 175–8.
  • Hirano S, Horiuchi K. Chitin gels. Int J Biol Macromol 1989 ; 11:253–4 ;
  • Hirano S, Midorikawa T. Novel method for the preparation of N-acylchitosan fiber and N-acylchitosan–cellulose fiber. Biomaterials 1998 ; 19:293–7.
  • Hirano S, Nakahira T, Nakagawa M, Kim SK. The preparation and applications of functional fibres from crab shell chitin. J Biotechnol 1999 ; 70:373–7.
  • Hirano S, Yamaguchi R, Fukui N, Iwata M. A chitosan oxalate gel : its conversion to an N-acetylchitosan gel via a chitosan gel. Carbohydr Res 1990 ; 20P1 : 145–9 ;
  • Hirano S. Wet-spinning and applications of functional fibers based on chitin and chitosan. In : Arguelles-Monal W, editor. Natural and syn-thetic polymers : challenges and perspectives. Macromol Symp, vol. 168. Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ; 2001. p. 21–30.
  • Holme KR, Hall LD. Chitosan derivatives bearing C-10–alkyl glycoside branches : a temperature induced gelling polysaccharide. Macromole-cules 1991 ; 24 : 3828–33.
  • Holme KR, Hall LD. Preparation and characterization of N-[2-(glycosyloxy)-ethyl] chitosan derivatives. Carbohydr Res 1992 ; 225:291–306.
  • Holme KR, Perlin AS. Chitosan N-sulfate. A water-soluble polyelectro-lyte. Carbohydr Res 1997 ; 302:7–12.
  • Hoppe-Seyler F ; Ueber chitin und cellulose. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges (1894) 27:3329–3331 ; Ueber umwandlungen des chitins. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges (1895) 28:82–82.
  • Horiuchi H, Functional diversity of chitin synthases of Aspergillus nidulans in hyphal growth, conidiophore development and septum formation. Med Mycol. 2009 ; 47 : Suppl 1:S47-52.
  • Hosokawa J, Nishiyama M, Yoshihara K, Kubo T.Biodegradable film derived from chitosan and homogeneized cellulose. Ind Eng Chem Res 1990 ; 29:800–5.
  • Howard A, KA, Rahbek UL, Liu X, Damgaard CK, Glud SZ, Andersen MO, Hovgaard MB, Schmitz A, Nyengaard JR, Besenbacher, F, Kjems J. RNA interference in vitro and in vivo using a novel chitosan/siRNA nanoparticle system. Mol.Ther. 14(4) (2006) 476-48
  • Hudson SM, Jenkins DW. Chitin and chitosan. In : Mark HF, editor. EPST. vol. 1. 3rd ed. New York : Wiley ; 2003. p. 569–80. ;
  • Hudson SM. Applications of chitin and chitosan as fiber and textile chemicals. In : Domard A, Roberts GAF, Varum KM, editors. Advances in chitin science, vol. 2. Lyon (France) : Jacques Andre Publ. ; 1998. p. 590–9 ;
  • Hudson SM. The applications of chitin and chitosan to fiber and textile products. In : Chen RH, Chen HC, editors. Advances in chitin science, vol. 3. Taiwan : National Taiwan Ocean University ; 1999. p. 80–7 ;
  • Vial F, Rabhi S, Tribet C Association of octyl-modified poly (acrylic acid) onto unilamellar vesicles of lipids and kinetics of vesicle disrup-tion. Langmuir ; 2005 ; 21 : 853-862.
  • Illum L, Davis S. Chitosan as a delivery system for the transmucosal administration of drugs. In : Dumitriu S, editor. Polysaccharides. Structural diversity and functional versatility. 2d Ed. New York : Marcel Dekker Publ. ; 2005. p. 643–60.
  • Ito M, Matahira Y, Sakai K. The application of chitin chitosan to bone filling materials, vol. 4. Kichin, Kitosan Kenkyu : Publ. Nippon Kichin, Kitosan Gakkai ; 1998 (p. 142–143).
  • Iwamoto R, Miya M, Mima S. Vibrational polarization spectra of a-type chitin. In : Hirano S, Tokura S, editors. Chitin and chitosan. Proceed-ings of the second international conference on chitin and chitosan. Sapporo : The Japanese Society of Chitin and Chitosan ; 1982. p. 82–6.
  • Jeong Y, Lee D, Choe K, Ahn H, Kim P, Park JH, & Kim YC. Polypep-tide-based polyelectrolyte complexes overcoming the biological barriers of oral insulin delivery. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2017 ; 48:79-87
  • Kabanov AV, Kabanov VA DNA complexes with polycations for the delivery of genetic material into cells. Bioconjugate Chem. 1995 ; 6 : 7-20.
  • Kabanov, V. Fundamentals of, polyelectrolyte complexes in solution and the bulk, in G. Decher, J. B. Schlenoff (Eds.) Multilayer thin films : sequential assembly of nanocomposite materials, Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., Weinheim (Germany) 2003, pp. 47-86.
  • Kabanov, A.V, Zezin, A.B. Soluble interpolymeric complexes as a new class of synthetic polyelectrolytes. Pure Appl. Chem., 1984 ; 56:343-354.
  • Kanke M, Katayama H, Tsuzuki S, Kuramoto H. Application of chitin and chitosan to pharmaceutical preparations. Chem Pharm Bull 1989 ; 37:523–5.
  • Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y. Application of chitin and chitosan deriva-tives in the pharmaceutical field. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2003 ; 4:303–9.
  • Khan W, Prithiviraj B, Smith DL. Effect of foliar application of chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides on photosynthesis of maize and soy-bean. Photosynthetica 2002 ;40 : 621–4.
  • King C, Shamshina JL, Gurau G, Berton P, Abdul Faruk Khan NF, Rogers RD A platform for more sustainable chitin films from an ionic liquid process ; Green Chemistry ; 2017
  • Ko MJ, Jo WH, Kim HC, Lee SC. Miscibility of chitosans/polyamide 6 blends. Polym J 1997 ; 29:997–1001.
  • Kobayashi Y, Nishiyama M, Matsuo R, Tokura S, Nishi N. Application of chitin and its derivatives to paper industry. In : Hirano S, Tokura S, editors. Chitin chitosan. In : Proceeding of the International Confer-ence, 2d. Jpn Soc Chitin Chitosan, Tattori, Japan. 1982. p. 244–7.
  • Koga D, Jilka J, Kramer KJ. Insect endochitinases : glycoproteins from moulting fluid, integument and pupal haemolymph of Manduca sexta L. Insect Biochem. 1983 ; 13 : 295-305.
  • Koga D, Mai MS, Dziadik-Turner C, Kramer KJ Kinetics and Mecha-nism of exochitinase and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera : Sphingidae). Insect Biochem. 1982 ; 12:493-499.
  • Koga D, Sasaki Y, Uchiumi Y, Hirai N, Arakane Y, Nagamatsu Y (1997). Purification and characterization of Bombyx mori chitinases. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1997 ; 27:757-767
  • Kohgo O, Ishii S, Nishimura S-I, Kurita K. Amphiphilic polysaccharides from chitosan by regioselective chemical in Advances in Chitin and Chitosan ; Brine, CJ, Sandford, PA, Zikakis JP eds., London & New York, Elsevier, 1992, 526.
  • Kono H. Two-dimensional magic angle spinning NMR investigation of naturally occurring chitins : precise 1H and 13C resonance assign-ment of - and -chitin. Biopolymers 2004 ; 75:255–63.
  • Köping-Höggård M, Tubulekas I, Guan H, Edwards K, Nilsson M, Vårum KM, Artursson P. Chitosan as a nonviral gene delivery system. Structure-property relationships and characteristics com-pared with polyethylenimine in vitro and after lung administration in vivo Gene Ther. 2001 ; 14:1108-1121.
  • Kosyakov VN, Yakovlev NG, Veleshko IE. Application of chitin-containing fiber material ‘‘mycoton’’ for actinide adsorption. J Nucl Sci Technol 2002(suppl. 3) : 508–11.
  • Kotze´ AF, Hamman JH, Snyman D, Jonker C, Stander M. Mucoad-hesive and absorption enhancing properties of Ntrimethyl chitosan chloride. In : Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, editors. Chitosan in phar-macy and chemistry. Grottammare (Italy) : ATEC ; 2002. p. 31–40.
  • Krajewska B. Application of chitin- and chitosan-based materials for enzyme immobilizations : a review. Enzyme Microbiol Technol 2004 ; 35:126–39.
  • Kramer, K. J. and Koga, D. (1986). Insect chitin : physical state, synthe-sis, degradation and metabolic regulation. Insect Biochem. 16, 851-877.
  • Kramer KJ, Corpuz L, Choi HK, Muthukrishnan S. Sequence of a cDNA and expression of the gene encoding epidermal and gut chitinases of Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1993, 23 : 691- 701.
  • Kriz Z, Koca J, Imberty A, Charlot A, Auzely-Velty R. Investigation of the complexation of (+)-catechin by b-cyclodextrin by combination of NMR, microcalorimetry and molecular modelling techniques. Org Biomol Chem 2003 ; 1:2590–5.
  • Kubota N, Eguchi Y. Facile preparation of water-soluble N-acetylated chitosan and molecular weight dependence of its water-solubility. Polym J 1997 ; 29:123–7.
  • Kubota N, Kikuchi Y. Macromolecular complexes of chitosan. In : Dumitriu S, editor. Polysaccharides. Structural diversity and function-al versatility. New York : Marcel Dekker, Inc. ; 1998. p. 595–628.
  • Kurita K. Chitin and Chitosan : Functional Biopolymers from Marine Crustaceans. Mar. Biotechnol. 2006 ; 8 : 203–226
  • Kurita K, Inoue S. Preparation of iodo-chitins and graft copolymeriza-tion onto the derivatives. In : Skjak-Braek G, Anthonsen T, Sandford P, editors. Chitin and chitosan. Sources, chemistry, biochemistry, physi-cal properties and applications. London and New York : Elsevier ; 1989. p. 365–72.
  • Kurita K, Koyama Y, Inoue S, Nishimura S. ((Diethylamino) ethyl) chitins : preparation and properties of novel aminated chitin deriva-tives. Macromolecules 1990 ;23 : 2865–2869.
  • Kurita K., Kawata M, Koyama Y, Nishimura S-I. Graft copolymeriza-tion of vinyl monomers onto chitin with cerium (IV) ion. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1991 ; 42, 2885–2891.
  • Kurita K, Sannan T, Iwakura Y. Studies on chitin. VI. Binding of metal cations. J Appl Polym Sci 1979 ; 23:511–5.
  • Kurita K, Tomita K, Ishi S, Nishimura S-I, Shimoda K. b-chitin as a convenient starting material for acetolysis for efficient preparation of N-acetylchitooligosaccharides. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 1993 ; 31:2393–5.
  • Kumirska, J., Weinhold, M. X., Sauvageau, J. C., Thöming, J., Kaczyński, Z., & Stepnowski, P. (2009). Determination of the pattern of acetyla-tion of low-molecular-weight chitosan used in biomedical applica-tions. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 50(4), 587-590.
  • Kumirska, J., Czerwicka, M., Kaczyński, Z., Bychowska, A., Brzozowski, K., Thöming, J., & Stepnowski, P. (2010). Application of spectroscopic methods for structural analysis of chitin and chitosan. Marine drugs, 8(5), 1567-1636.
  • Kumirska, J., Czerwicka, M., Kaczyński, Z., Bychowska, A., Brzozowski, K., Thöming, J., & Stepnowski, P. (2010). Application of spectroscopic methods for structural analysis of chitin and chitosan. Marine drugs, 8(5), 1567-1636.
  • Lassaigne J.L. (1843a) Mémoire sur un procédé simple pour consta-ter la présence d’azote dans des quantités minimes de matière orga-nique. Compte Rendus des Séances Hebdomadaires de l’Académie des Sciences ; 1843a :16:387–391Lassaigne JL (1843b) Sur le tissu tégumentaire des insectes des différents ordres. Compte Rendus des Séances Hebdomadaires de l’Académie des Sciences ; 1843b ; 16:1087–1089 ; Lassaigne JL (1843c) Über die hautgewebe der insecten verschiedener ordnungen. J Praktische Chemie ; 1843c ; 29:323–326
  • Lavertu, M., Methot, S., Tran-Khanh, N., & Buschmann, M. D. High efficiency gene transfer using chitosan/DNA nanoparticles with specific combinations of molecular weight and degree of deacetyla-tion. Biomaterials, 2006 ; 27 : 4815-4824.
  • Le Dung P, Milas M, Rinaudo M, Desbrieres J. Water soluble deriva-tives obtained by controlled chemical modification of chitosan. Car-bohydr Polym 1994 ; 24 : 209–14.
  • Ledderhose G (1876) Ueber salzsaures glycosamin. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges (1876) 9:1200–1201 ; Ueber chitin und seine spaltungsprodukte. Z Physiol Chem (1879) 2:213–227 ; (1880a) Ueber Glykosamin. Dissertation der medicinischen Facultät der Kaiser Wilhelms. Univer-sität Strassburg zur Erlangung der Doctorwürde, (1880) 24 ; Ueber glykosamin. Z Physiol Chem (1880b) 4:139–159
  • Lee KY, Park WH, Ha WS. Polyelectrolyte complexes of sodium algi-nate with chitosan or its derivatives for microcapsules. J Appl Polym Sci 1997 ;63 : 425–32.
  • Lee S-T, Mi F-L, Shen Y-J, Shyu S-S, Tang I-H. The copper (II) uptake by chitosan-tripolyphosphate chelating resin and related kinetic studies. In : Chen RH, Chen HC, editors. Advances in chitin science, vol. 3. Taiwan : Publis National Taiwan Ocean University ; 1998. p. 475–80.
  • Lee VFP. Solution and shear properties of chitin and chitosan. PhD dissertation. University of Washington (USA), 1974.
  • Leong KW, Mao HQ, Truong-Le VL, Roy K, Walsh M, August JT. DNA-polycation nanospheres as non-viral gene delivery vehicles. J. Control. Release 1998 ; 53 : 183-193.
  • Li Z, Ramay HR, Hauch KD, Xiao D, Zhang M. Chitosan–alginate hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005 ;26:3919–28.
  • Liu R, Chuan Xu C, Zhang Q, Wang S, & Fang W Evolution of the chitin synthase gene family correlates with fungal morphogenesis and adaption to ecological niches Scientific Reports 2017 ; 7:44527
  • Liu W, Sun S, Cao Z, Zhang X, Yao K, Lu WW, Luk KDK. An investiga-tion on the physicochemical properties of chitosan/DNA polyelectro-lyte complexes. Biomaterials 2005 ; 26 : 2705-2711
  • Liu W, Sun SJ, Zhang X, De Yao K. Self-aggregation behaviour of alkylated chitosan and its effect on the release of a hydrophobic drug. J Biomater Sci Polym Edn 2003 ; 14:851–9.
  • Liu W, Zang X, Sun SJ, Sun GJ, Yao KD, Liang DC, et al. N-alkylated chitosan as a potential nonviral vector for gene transfection. Biocon-jug Chem 2003 ; 14:782–9.
  • Lombard V, Golaconda Ramulu H, Drula E, Coutinho PM, Henrissat B. The Carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013. Nucleic Acids Res, 2014 ;42 : D490–D495.
  • Lotmar W, Picken LER. A new crystallographic modification of chitin and its distribution. Experientia 1950 ;6 : 58–9.
  • Luo D, Saltzman WM Synthetic DNA delivery systems. Nat. Biotech-nol., 2000 ; 18 : 33.
  • Ma PL, Buschmann MD, Winnik FM One-step analysis of DNA/chitosan complexes by field-flow fractionation reveals particle size and free chitosan content. Biomacromolecules, 2010 ; 11 : 549-554
  • Ma PL, Buschmann MD, Winnik FM. Complete physicochemical char-acterization of DNA/chitosan complexes by multiple detection using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Anal. Chem. 2010 ; 82 : 9636-9643.
  • MacLaughlin FC, Mumper RJ, Wang J, Tagliaferri JM, Gill I, Hinchcliffe M, Mand, Rolland AP. Chitosan and depolymerized chitosan oligo-mers as condensing carriers for in vivo plasmid delivery. J. Control. Release, 1998 ; 56 : 259-272.
  • Maghami GG, Roberts GAF. Evaluation of the viscometric constants for chitosan. Makromol Chem 1988 ; 189:195–200.
  • Mao HQ, Roy K, Troung-Le VL, Janes KA, Lin KY, Wang Y, Thomas August J, K.Leong KW. Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles as gene carriers : synthesis, characterization and transfection efficiency. J. Control. Release 2001 ; 70 : 399-421.
  • Mathur NK, Narang CK. Chitin and chitosan, versatile polysaccharides from marine animals. J Chem Educ 1990 ; 67:938–42.
  • Mazeau K, Perez S, Rinaudo M. Predicted influence of N-acetyl group content on the conformational extension of chitin and chitosan chains. J Carbohydr Chem 2000 ; 19:1269–84 ;
  • Mazeau K, Rinaudo M. The prediction of the characteristics of some polysaccharides from molecular modelling. Comparison with effec-tive behaviour. Food Hydrocolloids 2004 ; 18(6):885–98.
  • Mazeau K, Rinaudo M ? Comparative properties of hyaluronan and chitosan in aqueous environment Polym. Sci. Ser. C, 54(1), 2012, 96-107
  • McCormick CL, Callais PA, Hutchinson BH. Solution studies of cellu-lose in lithium chloride N,N-dimethylacetamide. Macromolecules 1985 ; 18:2394–401.
  • McNaught AD, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. Nomenclature of Carbo-hydrates. Carbohydrate Research, 1995 ; 297:1-92.
  • Mengistu Lemma, S, Bossard F, Rinaudo M, Preparation of Pure and Stable Chitosan Nanofibers by Electrospinning in the Presence of Poly(ethylene oxide), International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(11), 1790
  • Merzendorfer H, & & Zimoch L, Chitin metabolism in insects : struc-ture, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases, J. Exp. Biol. 2003 : 206, 4393-4412
  • Milas, M, Rinaudo M, Knipper M, Schuppiser JL, Flow and viscoelastic properties of xanthan gum solutions, Macromolecules, 1990 ; 23 : 2506-2511.
  • Minke R, Blackwell J. The structure of a-chitin. J Mol Biol1978 ; 120:167–81.
  • Mitani T, Fukumuro N, Yoshimoto C, Ishii H. Effect of counter ions(SO4 2- and Cl- ) on the adsorption of copper and nickel ions by swollen chitosan beads. Agric Biol Chem 1991 ; 55:2419.
  • Miwa A, Ishibe A, Nakano M, Yamahira T, Itai S, Jinno S, et al. Devel-opment of novel chitosan derivatives as micellar carriers of taxol. Pharm Res 1998 ; 15 : 1844–50
  • Miya M, Iwamoto R, Yoshikawa S, Mima S. I.R. spectroscopic determi-nation of CONH content in highly deacylated chitosan. Int J Biol Mac-romol 1980 ; 2:323–4.
  • Molinaro G, Leroux JC, Damas J, Adam A. Biocompatibility of thermo-sensitive chitosan-based hydrogels : an in vivo experimental ap-proach to injectable biomaterials.Biomaterials 2002 ; 23:2717–22.
  • Morimoto M, Saimoto H, Shigemasa Y. Control of functions of chitin and chitosan by chemical modifications. Trends Glycosci Glycotech 2002 ; 14:205–22.
  • Mucha M, Piekielna J, Wieczorek A. Characterization and morphology of biodegradable chitosan/synthetic polymer blends. Macromol Symp 1999 ; 144:391–412.
  • Mumper RJ, Wang J, Claspell JM, Rolland AP. Novel polymeric con-densing carriers for gene delivery. Proceedings Controlled Release Society, 1995 ; 22:178-179.
  • Mundsinger K, Muller A, Beyer R, Hermanutz F, Buchmeiser MR, Carbohydr. Polym. 2015 ; 131 : 34–40.
  • Muthukrishnan S, Merzendorfer H, Arakane Y, Yang Q Chitin Metabol-ic Pathway in Insects and their regulation ; Extracellular composite Matrices in Arthropods Spingers, 2016 ; 31-66
  • Muzzarelli C, editors. Chitosan in pharmacy and chemistry. Grottam-mare (Italy) : ATEC ; 2002. p. 341–51.
  • Muzzarelli RAA, editor. Natural chelating polymers : alginic acid, chitin and chitosan. New York : Pergamon Press ; 1973.
  • Muzzarelli RAA, Frega N, Miliani M, Muzzarelli C, Cartolari M. Interac-tions of chitin, chitosan, N-lauryl chitosan and N-dimethylaminopropyl chitosan with olive oil. Carbohydr Polym 2000 ; 43:263–8.
  • Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, Cosani A, Terbojevich M. 6-oxychitins, novel hyaluronan-like regiospecifically carboxylated chitins. Carbo-hydr Polym 1999 ; 39:361–7.
  • Muzzarelli RAA, Rochetti R. Determination of the degree of acetyla-tion of chitosans by first derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Carbohydr Polym 1985 ; 5:461–72.
  • Muzzarelli RAA, Tanfani F, Mariotti S, Emanuelli M. N-(carboxymethyllidene)chitosans and N-carboxymethyl)-chitosans : novel chelating polyampholytes obtained from chitosan glyoxylate. Carbohydr Res 1982 ; 107:199–214.
  • Muzzarelli RAA, Tanfani F, Mariotti S, Emanuelli M. N-(o-carboxybenzyl) chitosans : novel chelating polyampholytes. Carbo-hydr Polym 1982 ;2 :145–57.
  • Muzzarelli RAA. Amphoteric derivatives of chitosan and their biologi cal significance. In : Skjak-Braek G, Anthonsen T, Sandford P, editors. Chitin and chitosan. Sources, chemistry, biochemistry, physical prop-erties and applications. London and New York : Elsevier ; 1989. p. 87–99.
  • Muzzarelli RAA. Chitin. In : Aspinall GO, editor. The polysaccharides, vol. 3. London : Academic Press ; 1985. p. 417–47.
  • Muzzarelli RAA. Chitin. In : Mark HF, Bikales NM, Overberger CG, Menges G, editors. EPST. vol. 3. 2nd ed. New York : Wiley ; 1985. p. 430–49.
  • Naggi AM, Torri G, Compagnoni T, Casu B. Synthesis and physico-chemical properties of a polyampholyte chitosan 6-sulfate. In : Muz-zarelli RAA, Jeuniaux C, Gooday GW, editors. Chitin in nature and technology. New York : Plenum Publishing Corporation ; 1986. p. 371–7.
  • Neuberg P, Kichler A In Advances in Genetics, Elsevier, Academic Press. Recent developments in nucleic acid delivery with polyethyl-enimines. 2014, vol.88, pp. 263-288
  • Nieto JM, Peniche-Covas C, Del Bosque J. Preparation and characteri-zation of a chitosan–Fe (III) complex. Carbohydr Polym 1992 ; 18:221–4.
  • Nimesh, S, Thibault MM, Lavertu M, Buschmann MD Enhanced gene delivery mediated by low molecular weight chitosan/DNA complexes : effect of pH and serum. Molecul. Biotechnol. 2010 ; 46 : 182-196
  • Noishiki N, Kuga S, Wada M, Hori K, Nishiyama Y. Guest selectivity in complexation of b-chitin. Macromolecules 2004 ; 37:6839–42.
  • Noishiki Y, Nishiyama Y, Wada M, Kuga S. Complexation of a-chitin with aliphatic amines. Biomacromolecules 2005 ; 6:2362–4. Rudall KM. The chitin/protein complexes of insect cuticles. Adv Insect Phys-iol 1963 ; 1:257–313.
  • Noishiki Y, Nishiyama Y, Wada M, Okada S, Kuga S. Inclusion com-plexes of b-chitin an aliphatic amines. Biomacromolecules 2003 ; 4:944–9.
  • Nonaka K-I, Kazama S, Goto A, Fukuda H, Yoshioka H, Yoshioka H. Spin probe study on the interaction of chitosan-derived polymer surfactants with lipid membrane. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002 ; 246:288–95.
  • Odier A, Mémoire sur la composition chimique des parties cornées des insectes. Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Paris : Baudouin Frères Libraires-Éditeurs, tome premier (1823) pp 29–42
  • Odijk T. On the ionic-strength dependence of the intrinsic viscosity of DNA. Biopolymers 1979 ; 18:3111–3.
  • Ogawa K, Miganiski T, Hirano S. X-ray diffraction study on chitosan–metal complexes. In : Zikakis JP, editor. Advances in chitin, chitosan and related enzymes. Orlando : Academic Press, Inc. ; 1984. p. 327–45.
  • Ogawa K, Oka K, Yui T. X-ray study of chitosan–transition metal com-plex. Chem Mater 1993 ;5 : 726–8.
  • Ogawa K, Yui T, Miya M. Dependence on the preparation procedure of the polymorphism and crystallinity of chitosan membranes. Biosci Biotech Biochem 1992 ; 56 : 858–62.
  • Ogawa K. Effect of heating an aqueous suspension of chitosan on the crystallinity and polymorphs. Agric Biol Chem 1991 ; 55:2375–9.
  • Ogawa Y, Naito P-K & Nishitama Y Hydrogen-bonding network in anhydrous chitosan from neutron crystallography and periodic density functional theory calculation Carbohydr. Polym. 2019 ; 207 : 211-217
  • Okuyama K, Nogichi K, Kanenari M, Egawa T, Osawa K, Structural diversity of chitosan and its complexes, Carbohydrate Polymers 2000, 237-247
  • Ohno T, Armand S, Hata N, Nikaidou N, Henrissat B, Mitsutomi M, Watanabe T, A Modular Family 19 Chitinase Found in the Prokaryot-ic Organism Streptomyces griseus HUT 6037 J. Bacteriology, 1996 ; 178 : p 5065–5070
  • Okuyama K, Noguchi K, Miyazawa T,Yui T, Ogawa K, Molecular and Crystal Structure of Hydrated Chitosan Macromolecules 1997 ; 30 : 5849-5855
  • Olivera BM, Hillyard DR, Marsh M, Yoshikami D.Combinatorial pep-tide libraries in drug design : lesson from venomous cone snails. TIBTECH 1995 ; 13:422–6.
  • Olteanu M, Mandru I, Dudau M, Peretz S, Cinteza O. the aqueous liquid/liquid interphases formed by chitosan–anionic surfactant complexes. Progr Colloid Polym Sci 2003 ; 122:87–94.
  • Ouchi T, Inosaka K, Murata J, Nishimoto T, Ohya Y. Design of water-soluble CM-chitin/antitumor drug conjugate. Polym Prep, Am Chem Soc, Div Polym Chem 1992 ; 33(2):537–8.
  • Ouchi T, Murata J-I, Ohya Y. Gene delivery by quaternary chitosan with antennary galactose residues. In : El-Nokaly MA, Soini HA, edi-tors. Polysaccharide applications : cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. ACS Symposium Series 737 ; 1999. p. 15–23.
  • Park IK, Park YH. Preparation and structural characterization of water soluble O-hydroxypropyl chitin derivatives. J Appl Polym Sci 2001 ; 80:2624–32.
  • Payen A, Propriétés distinctives entre les membranes végétales et les enveloppes des insectes et des crustacés. Compte Rendu des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences ; 1843 ; 17:227–231
  • Pearson FG, Marchessault RH, Liang CY. Infrared spectra of crystal-line polysaccharides. V. Chitin. J Polym Sci 1960 ;13 : 101–16.
  • Pefferkorn E, The role of polyelectrolytes in the stabilisation and destabilisation of colloids. Adv. Colloid Interfac. 1995 ; 56 : 33-104.
  • Pelletier A, Lemire I, Sygusch J, Chornet E, Overend RP. Chi-tin/chitosan transformation by thermo-mechano-chemical treatment including characterization by enzymic depolymerization. Biotechnol Bioeng 1990 ; 36:310–5.
  • Peniche C, Argüelles-Monal W, Goycoolea FM (2008) Chapter 25 : Chitin and chitosan : major sources, properties and applications. In : Belgacem MN and Gandini A (eds) Monomers, polymers and compo-sites from renewable resources. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 517–542.
  • Peniche C, Arguelles-Monal W. Chitosan based Polyelectrolyte com-plexes. Macromol Symp 2001 ; 168:103–16.
  • Peniche-Covas C, Alvarez LW, Arguelles-Monal W. The adsorption of mercuric ions by chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci 1992 ;46 : 1147–50
  • Peniche-Covas C, Jimenez MS. Characterization of silver-binding chitosan by thermal analysis and electron impact mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Polym 1988 ;9 : 249–56.
  • Persson JE, Domard A, Chanzy H. Single crystals ofa-chitin. Int J Biol Macromol 1990 ;13 : 221–4.
  • Philippova OE, Volkov EV, Sitnikova NL, Khokhlov A, Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M. Two types of hydrophobic aggregates in aqueous solu-tions of chitosan and its hydrophobic derivative. Biomacromolecules 2001 ;2 : 483–90.
  • Philippova OE, Korchagina EV, Volkov EV, Smirnov AR, Khokhlov A, Rinaudo M, Aggregation of some water-soluble derivatives of chitin in aqueous solutions : Role of the degree of acetylation and effect of hydrogen bond breaker, Carbohydr. Polym, 2012 ; 87 ; 687-694
  • Poirier M, Charlet G. Chitin fractionation and characterization in N, N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride solvent system. Carbohydr Polym 2002 ; 50 : 363–70.
  • Pospieszny H, Struszczyk H, Chirkov SN, Atabekov JG. New applica-tions of chitosan in agriculture. In : Karniki SZ, editor. Chitin world. Bremerhaven, Germany : Wirtschaftsverlag NW ; 1994. p. 246–54.
  • Prado A, Macedo JL, Dias CL, Dias JA. Calorimetric studies of the association of chitin and chitosan with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Col-loids Surf B Biointerfaces 2004 ; 35:23–7.
  • Prasad, K, M. Murakami, Y. Kaneko, A. Takada,Y. Nakamura and J. Kadokawa, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2009 ; 45 : 221–225.
  • Prashanth, KVH, Dharmesh SM, Rao KSJ, Tharanathan RN. Free radical-induced chitosan depolymerized products protect calf thymus DNA from oxidative damage. Carbohydr. Res. 2007 ; 342 :190-195.
  • Purchase ER, Braun CE. D-glucosamine hydrochloride. Org Syntheses ; 1946 ; 26:36–37
  • Quemeneur F, Rinaudo M, Maret G, Pepin-Donat B, Decoration of lipid vesicles by polyelectrolytes : mechanism and structure, Soft Matter, 2010 ; 6 : 4471-4481
  • Quin, Y Lu X, Sun N, Rogers RD Dissolution or extraction of crusta-cean shells using ionic liquids to obtain high molecular weight puri-fied chitin and direct production of chitin films and fibers Green chemistry ; 2010
  • Rahman M, Rodriguez H, Sun N, Swatloski RP, Daly DT, Rogers RD. U.S. Provisional Patent Application filed 19 February 2008 ; PCT Int. Appl., WO 2009105236 A1 20090827 (2009).
  • Ramos VM, Rodriguez NM, Diaz MF, Rodriguez MS, Heras A, Agullo E. N-methylene phosphonic chitosan : effect of preparation methods on its properties. Carbohydr Polym 2003 ; 52:39–46.
  • Ramos VM, Rodriguez NM, Rodriguez MS, Heras A, Agullo E. Modified chitosan carrying phosphonic and alkyl groups. Carbohydr Polym 2003 ; 51:425–9.
  • Rathke TD, Hudson SM. Review of chitin and chitosan as fiber and film formers. Rev Macromol Chem Phys 1994 ; C34:375–437.
  • Ravi Kumar MNV, Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, Sashiwa H, Domb AJ. Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives. Chem Rev 2004 ; 104:6017–84.
  • Raymond L, Morin FG, Marchessault RH. Degree of deacetylation of chitosan using conductometric titration and solid-state NMR. Carbo-hydr Res 1993 ; 246 : 331–6.
  • Recillas M, Silva LL, Peniche C, Goycoolea FM, Rinaudo M, Arguelles-Monal WM, Thermoresponsive behavior of chitosan-g-N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer solutions, Biomacromolecules, 2009 ; 10:1633-1641)
  • Reed W. Light-scattering results on polyelectrolyte conformations, diffusion and interparticles interactions and correlations. In : Schmitz KS, editor. Macroion characterization. From dilute solution to com-plex fluids. ACS Symposium series 548. New York : American Chemical Society ; 1984. p. 297–314.
  • Rekharsky MV, Inoue Y. Complexation thermodynamics of cyclodex-trins. Chem Rev 1998 ; 98:1875–917.
  • Ren L, Miura Y, Nishi N, Tokura S. Modification of chitin by ceric salt-initiated graft polymerization-preparation of poly(methylmethacrylate)-grafted chitin derivatives that swell in organic solvents. Carbohydr Polym 1993 ; 21:23–7.
  • Revol J-F, Chanzy H. High-resolution electron microscopy of b-chitin microfibrils. Biopolymers 1986 ; 25:1599–601.
  • Rhazi M, Desbrieres J, Tolaimate A, Rinaudo M, Vottero P, Alagui A. Contribution to the study of the complexation of copper by chitosan and oligomers. Polymer 2002 ; 43 : 1267–76.
  • Rhazi M, Desbrieres J, Tolaimate A, Rinaudo M, Vottero P, Alagui A. Influence of the nature of the metal ions on the complexation with chitosan. Application to the treatment of liquide waste. Eur Polym J 2002 ;38 :1523–30.
  • Richard I, Thibault M, De Crescenzo G, Buschmann MD, Lavertu M. Ionization behavior of chitosan and chitosan–DNA polyplexes indi-cate that chitosan has a similar capability to induce a proton-sponge effect as PEI. Biomacromolecules 2013 ; 14 : 1732-1740.
  • Richardson SW, Kolbe HJ, Duncan R Potential of low molecular mass chitosan as a DNA delivery system : biocompatibility, body distribu-tion and ability to complex and protect DNA. Int. J. Pharmaceut, 1999 ; 178 : 231-243.
  • Rinaudo M, Auzely R, Vallin C, Mullagaliev I. Specific interactions in modified chitosan systems. Biomacromolecules 2005 ; 6:2396–407.
  • Rinaudo M, Chitin and chitosan : properties and applications. Progr Polym Sci, 2006 ; 31:603–632
  • Rinaudo M, Domard A. Solution properties of chitosan. In : Skjak-Braek G, Anthonsen T, Sandford P, editors. Chitin and chitosan. Sources, chemistry, biochemistry, physical properties and applica-tions. London and New York : Elsevier ; 1989. p. 71–86.
  • Rinaudo M, Le Dung P, Gey C, Milas M. Substituent distribution on O, N-carboxymethylchitosans by 1H and 13C NMR. Int J Biol Macromol 1992 ; 14:122–128.
  • Rinaudo M, le Dung P, Milas M. A new and simple method of synthesis of carboxymethylchitosans. In : Brine CJ, Sandford PA, Zikakis JP, editors. Advances in chitin and chitosan. London and New York : Elsevier ; 1992. p. 516–25
  • Rinaudo M, Milas M, Le Dung P. Characterization of chitosan. Influ-ence of ionic strength and degree of acetylation on chain expansion. Int J Biol Macromol 1993 ; 15:281–5.
  • Rinaudo M, Pavlov G, Desbrieres J. Influence of acetic acid concentra-tion on the solubilization of chitosan. Polymer 1999 ; 40:7029–32.
  • Rinaudo M, Pavlov G, Desbrieres J. Solubilization of chitosan in strong acid medium. Int J Polym Anal Charact 1999 ; 5:267–76.
  • Rinaudo M, Reguant J. Polysaccharide derivatives. In : Frollini E, Lea˜o AL, Mattoso LHC, editors. Natural polymers and agrofibers compo-sites. Sa˜o Carlos, Bresil:CIP-BRASIL ; 2000. p. 15–39.
  • Roberts GA, Domszy JG. Determination of the viscometric constants for chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 1982 ;4:374–7.
  • Roberts GAF, Wood FA. A study of the influence of structure on the effectiveness of chitosan as an anti-felting treatment for wool. J Biotechnol 2001 ; 89:297–304.
  • Roberts GAF. Chitin chemistry. London : MacMillan Press ; 1992.
  • Rossle M, Flot D, Engel J, Burghammer M, Riekel C, Chanzy H. Fast intracrystalline hydration of b-chitin revealed by combined micro-drop generation and on-line synchrotron radiation microdiffraction. Biomacromolecules 2003 ; 4:981–6.
  • Rouget C, Des substances amylacées dans les tissus des animaux, spécialement les articulés (chitine). C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci ; 1859 ; 48 : 792–795
  • Roy SK, Todd JG, Glasser WG. Crosslinked hydrogel beads from chitosan. US Patent 5,770,712 ; 1998.
  • Rudall KM, Kenchington W. The chitin system. Biol Rev 1973 ; 40:597–636.
  • Rudall KM. Chitin and its association with othermolecules. J Polym Sci Part C 1969 ; 28:83–102.
  • Rudall KM. Molecular structure in arthropod cuticles. In : Hepburn HR, editor. The insect integument. Amsterdam ; Elsevier Scientific ; 1976. p. 21–41.
  • Ruiz M, Sastre A, Guibal E. Influence of drying process of chitosan beads on Pt and Pd sorption. In : Muzzarelli RAA,
  • Ruiz-Herrera J, Sing VO, Van der Woude WJ, Bartnicki-Garcia S. Mi-crofibril assembly by granules of chitin synthetase. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1975 ; 72:2706–10.
  • Rupley JA. The hydrolysis of chitin by concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the preparation of low-molecular weight substrates for lysozyme. Biochim Biophys Acta 1964 ; 83:245–55.
  • Rusu-Balaita L, Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M. Formation of a biocompati-ble polyelectrolyte complex : chitosan-hyaluronan complex stability. Polym Bull 2003 ; 50 : 91–8.
  • Saito H, Tabeta R, Hirano S. Conformation of chitin and N-acyl chi-tosans in solid state as revealed by 13C cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy. Chem Lett 1981:1479–82.
  • Saito H, Tabeta R, Ogawa K. High-resolution solid-state 13C NMR study of chitosan and its salts with acids : conformational characteri-zation of polymorphs and helical structures as viewed from the conformation-dependent 13C chemical shifts. Macromolecules 1987 ; 20:2424–30.
  • Saito Y, Okano T, Chanzy H, Sugiyama J. Structural study of a-chitin from the grasping spine of the arrow worm (Sagitta spp.). J Struct Biol 1995 ; 114:218–28.
  • Saito Y, Okano T, Gaill F, Chanzy H, Putaux J-L. Structural data on the intra-crystalline swelling of b-chitin. Int J Biol Macromol 2000 ; 28:81–8.
  • Saito Y, Okano T, Putaux J-L, Gaill F, Chanzy H. Crystallosolvates of b-chitin and alcohols. In : Domard A, Roberts GAF, Varum KM, editors. Advances in chitin science. Lyon, France : Jacques Andre ; 1998. p. 507–12.
  • Saito Y, Putaux J-L, Okano T, Gaill F, Chanzy H. Structural aspects of the swelling of -chitin in HCl and its conversion into a-chitin. Mac-romolecules 1997 ; 30 : 3867–73.
  • Sakairi N, Nishi N, Tokura S. Cyclodextrin-linked chitosan : synthesis and inclusion complexation ability. In : El-Nokaly MA, Soini HA, edi-tors. Polysaccharide applications : cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, ACS Symposium Series. vol. 737 ; 1999. p. 68–84.
  • Sakamoto J, Sugiyama J, Kimura S, Imai T, Itoh T, Watanabe T, et al. Artificial chitin spherulites composed of single crystalline ribbons of a-chitin via enzymatic polymerization.Macromolecules 2000 ; 33:4155–60.
  • Sannan T, Kurita K, Iwakura Y. Studies on chitin, 1. Makromol Chem 1975 ; 176:1191–5.
  • Sannan Y, Kurita K, Iwakura Y. Studies on chitin, vol. 2. Makromol Chem 1976 ; 177:3589–600.
  • Santos-Carballal B, Fernández Fernández E, Goycoolea FM. Chitosan in Non-Viral Gene Delivery : Role of Structure, Characterization Meth-ods, and Insights in Cancer and Rare Diseases Therapies. Polymers, 2018 ;10 : 444
  • Sashiva H, Saimoto H, Sgigemasa Y, Ogawa R, Tokura S. Lysozyme susceptibility of partially deacetylated chitin. Int J Biol Macromol 1990 ; 12:295–6.
  • Sashiva H, Yamamori N, Ichiinose Y, Sunamoto J, Aiba S-I. Michael reaction of chitosan with various acryl reagents in water. Biomacro-molecules 2003 ; 4:1250–4
  • M. Shimo, M. Abe and H. Ohno, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2016, 4, 3722–3727.
  • Sato T, Ishii T, Okahata Y In vitro gene delivery mediated by chitosan. Effect of pH, serum, and molecular mass of chitosan on the transfec-tion efficiency. Biomaterials, 2001 ; 22 : 2075-2080.
  • Sawada, D., Nishiyama, Y., Langan, P., Forsyth, V. T., Kimura, S., & Wada, M. Direct determination of the hydrogen bonding arrange-ment in anhydrous β-Chitin by neutron Fiber diffraction. Biomacro-molecules 2011 ; 13, 288–291
  • Serikawa T, Suzuki N, Kikuchi H,Tanaka K, Kitagawa T A new cationic liposome for efficient gene delivery with serum into cultured human cells : A quantitative analysis using two independent fluorescent probes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2000 ; 1467 : 419–430.
  • Shamshine JL ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng 2018 ; 6:10241-10251
  • Sikorski P, Hori R, Wada M, Revisit of α-chitin crystal structure using high resolution X-ray diffraction data. Biomacromolecules 2009 : 10:1100–1105
  • Singla AK, Garg A, Aggarwal D, Paclitaxel and its formulations. Inter-national Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2002 ; 235 : 179-192
  • Songkroah C, Nakbanpote W, Thiravetyan P. Recovery of silver–thiosulfate complexes with chitin. Process Biochem 2004 ; 39:1553–9 ;
  • Stephan DJ, Yang ZY, San H, Simari RD, Wheeler CJ, Felgner PL, Gor-don D, Nabel GJ, Nabel EG. A new cationic liposome DNA complex enhances the efficiency of arterial gene transfer in vivo. Hum. Gene Ther., 1996 ; 7:1803–1812
  • Strand SP, Danielsen S, Christensen BE, Varum KM. Influence of chitosan structure on the formation and stability of DNA–Chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes. Biomacromolecules 2005 ;6 : 3357–66. Structural diversity and functional versatility. 2nd ed. New York : Marcel Dekker Publ. ; 2005. p. 661–77.
  • Suzuki K, Oda D, Shinobu T, Saimoto H, Shigemasa Y. New selectively N-substituted quaternary ammonium chitosan derivatives. Polym J 2000 ; 32:334–8.
  • Tamura H, Hamaguchi T, Tokura S. Destruction of rigid crystalline structure to prepare chitin solution. In : Advances in chitin science, vol. 7. ISM BioPolymer Inc. ; 2003. p. 84–7
  • Tanner SF, Chanzy H, Vincendon M, Roux J-C, Gaill F. High resolution solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of chitin. Macromolecules 1990 ; 23 : 3576–83.
  • Terbojevich M, Carraro C, Cosani A. Solution studies of chitosan 6-O-sulfate. Makromol Chem 1989 ; 190 : 2847–55.
  • Terbojevich M, Carraro C, Cosani A. Solution studies of the chitin-lithium chloride-N, N-dimethylacetamide system. Carbohydr Res 1988 ; 180:73–86.
  • Terbojevich M, Cosani A. Chitosan : chain rigidity and mesophase formation. Carbohydr Res 1991 ; 209 : 251–260.
  • Thanou M, Junginger HE Pharmaceutical applications of chitosan and derivatives. In : Dumitriu S, editor. Polysaccharides.
  • Thibault M, Astolfi M, Tran-Khanh N, Lavertu M, Darras V, Merzouki A, Buschmann MD. Excess polycation mediates efficient chitosan-based gene transfer by promoting lysosomal release of the polyplex-es. Biomaterials, 2011 ; 32 : 4639-4646. ;
  • Thongngam M, McClements D J. Characterization of interactions between chitosan and an anionic surfactant. J Agric Food Chem 2004 ;52:987–91.
  • Thongngam M, McClements DJ. Influence of pH, ionic strength and temperature on self-association and interactions of sodium dodecyl sulphate in the absence and presence of chitosan. Langmuir 2005 ; 21:79–86.
  • Tiera MJ, Winnik FM, Fernandes JC. Synthetic and natural polycations for gene therapy : state of the art and new perspectives. Curr. Gene Ther. 2006 ; 6 : 59-71.
  • Toffey A, Glasser WG. Chitin derivatives. II. Time–-temperature-transformation cure diagrams of the chitosan amidization process. J Appl Polym Sci 1999 ; 73 : 1879–89.
  • Toffey A, Samaranayake G, Frazier CE, Glasser WG. Chitin derivatives. I. Kinetics of the heat-induced conversion of chitosan to chitin. J Appl Polym Sci 1996 ; 60:75–85.
  • Tokura S, Itoyama K, Nishi N, Nishimura S, Saiki I, Azuma I. Selective sulfation of chitin derivatives for biomedical functions. J Macromol Sci, Pure Appl Chem 1994 ; A31:1701–18.
  • Tokura S, Nishi N. Preparation and properties of alkylchitin fibers. In : Hirano S, Tokura S, editors. Chitin chitosan. In : Proceeding of the international conference, 2d. Jpn. Soc. Chitin Chitosan, Tattori, Japan. 1982. p. 244–7.
  • Tokura S, Saiki I, Murata J, Makabe T, Tsuta Y, Azuma I. Inhibtion of tumor-induced angiogenesis by sulphated chitin derivatives. In : Brine CJ, Sandford PA, Zikakis JP, editors. Advances in chitin and chitosan. London and New York : Elsevier ; 1992. p. 87–95.
  • Tolaimate A. Rhazi M, Alagui A, Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M, Valorization of waste products from fishing industry by production of chitin and chitosan, Phys. Chem. News, 2008 ;42 : 120-127
  • Varki, A., Cummings, R.D., Aebi, M., Packer, N.H., Seeberger, P.H., Esko, J.D., Stanley, P., Hart, G., Darvill, A., Kinoshita, T., Prestegard, J.J., Schnaar, R.L., Freeze, H.H., Marth, J.D., Bertozzi, C.R., Etzler, M.E., Frank, M., Vliegenthart, F.G., Lütteke, T., Perez, S., Bolton, E., Rudd, P., Paulson, J., Kanehisa, M., Toukach, P., Aoki-Kinoshita, K.F., Dell, A., Narimatsu, H., York, W., Taniguchi, N. & Kornfeld, S Symbol Nomen-clature for Graphical Representations of Glycans,Glycobiology 2015 ; 25 : 1323-1324.
  • Varum KM, Anthonsen MW, Grasdalen H, Smisrød O. 13C-NMR stud-ies of the acetylation sequences in partially N-deacetylated chitins (chitosans). Carbohydr Res 1991 ; 217:19–27.
  • Varum KM, Anthonsen MW, Grasdalen H, Smisrød O. Determination of the degree of N-acetylation and the distribution of N-acetyl groups in partially N-deacetylated chitins (chitosans) by high-field n.m.r. spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 1991 ; 211:17–23.
  • Varum KM, Smidsrød O. Structure–properties relationship in chi-tosans. In : Dumitriu S, editor. Polysaccharides. Structural diversity and functional versatility. 2nd ed.New York : Marcel Dekker ; 2005. p. 625–42.
  • Varum, KM, Myhr MM, Hjerde RJ, Smidsrød O. In vitro degradation rates of partially N-acetylated chitosans in human serum. Carbohy-drate research, 1997 ; 299 : 99-101.
  • Vasiliu S, Popa M, Rinaudo M. Polyelectrolyte capsules made of two biocompatible natural polymers. Eur Polym J 2005 ; 41:923–32.
  • Venter JP, Kotze´ AF, Auze´ly-Velty R, Rinaudo M. Synthesis and evaluation of the mucoadhesivity of a CD-chitosan derivative. Int J Pharm 2006 ; 313:36–42.
  • Vijayanathan V, Thomas T, Thomas TJ. DNA nanoparticles and development of DNA delivery vehicles for gene therapy. Biochemis-try, 2002 ; 41:14085-14094.
  • Vincendon M. 1H NMR study of the chitin dissolution mechanism. Makromol Chem 1985 ; 186:1787–95.
  • Vincendon M. Chitin carbamates. In : Brine CJ, Sandford PA, Zikakis JP, editors. Advances in chitin and chitosan. London and New York : Elsevier ; 1992. p. 556–64.
  • Vincendon M. Solution of chitin in phosphoric acid. In : Karniki SZ, editor. Chitin world. Bremerhaven, Germany : Wirtschaftsverlag NW ; 1994. p. 91–7.
  • Volodkin D, Mohwald H, Voegel JC, Ball V Coating of negatively charged liposomes by polylysine : drug release study. J. Control. Release, 2007 ; 117 : 111-120
  • Wang A, Li P, Li Q, Gao F. Studies on modification and application of chitin. Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1997 ; 16 : 14–7.
  • Wang L, Khor E, Wee A, Lim LY. Chitosan–alginate PEC membrane as a wound dressing : assessment of incisional wound healing. J Biomed Mater Res 2002 ; 63:610–8.
  • Wang S-F, Shen L, Zhang W-D, Tong Y-J. Preparation and mechanical properties of chitosan/carbon nanotubes composites. Biomacromol-ecules 2005 ; 6:3067–72.
  • Wang W, Bo S, Li S, Qin W. Determination of the Mark–Houwink equation for chitosans with different degrees of deacetylation. Int J Biol Macromol 1991 ; 13 : 281–285.
  • Wang W, Qin W, Bo S. Influence of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan on its Mark–Houwink equation parameters. Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 1991 ; 12:559–61.
  • Wei YC, Hudson SM, Mayer JM, Kaplan DL. The crosslinking of chi-tosan fibers. J Polym Sci A Poly Chem 1992 ; 30:2187–93.
  • Weikert T, Niehues A, Cord-Landwehr S, Hellmann MJ, Bruno M. Moerschbacher BM ; Reassessment of chitosanase substrate specifici-ties and classification Nature Communications 2017 ; Article number : 1698, DOI : 10.1038/s41467-017-01667-1
  • Welsh ER, Price RR. Chitosan cross-linking with a watersoluble, blocked diisocyanate. 2. Solvates and hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2003 ;4 :1357–61.
  • Wojcik G. Metal corrosion inhibiting compositions containing chi-tosan derivatives. USPatent 6,508,958 ; 2003.
  • Wu, Y., Sasaki, T., Irie, S., & Sakurai, K. (2008). A novel biomass-ionic liquid platform for the utilization of native chitin. Polymer, 49(9), 2321-2327.
  • Xie H, Zhang S, Li S Green Chem., 2006 ; 8:630–633.
  • Yalpani MD, Hall LD. Some chemical and analytical aspects of poly-saccharide modifications. 3. Formation of branched-chain, soluble chitosan derivatives. Macromolecules 1984 ; 17:272–81.
  • Yamaguchi R, Hirano S, Arai Y, Ito T. Chitosan salt gels thermally reversible elation of chitosan. Agric Biol Chem 1978 ; 42:1981–1982.
  • Yamakawa H, Fujii M. Intrinsic viscosity of wormlike chains. Determi-nation of the shift factor. Macromolecules 1974 ; 7:128–35.
  • Yamazaki S, Takegawa A, Kaneko Y, Kadokawa J, Yamagata M, Ishika-wa M, Electrochem. Commun., 2009 ; 11 : 68–70.
  • Yi H, Wu L-Q, Bentley WE, Ghadssi R, Rubloff GW, Culver JN, et al. Biofabrication with chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2005 ; 6:2881–94.
  • Yoshino H, Ishii S, Nishimura S, Kurita K. Preparation and characteri-zation of mercapto-chitin derivatives. In : Brine CJ, Sandford PA, Zikakis JP, editors. Advances in chitin and chitosan. London and New York : Elsevier ; 1992. p. 565–70.
  • Younes I, Rinaudo M, Chitin and Chitosan Preparation from Marine Sources. Structure, Properties and Applications Mar. Drugs 2015 ; 13:1133-1174.
  • Yusof NL, Wee A, Lim LY, Khor E. Flexible chitin films as potential wound-dressing materials : wound model studies. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003 ; 66A:224–32.
  • Zang Y, Guan Y, Zhou S. Single component chitosan hydrogel micro-capsule from a layer-by-layer approach. Biomacromolecules 2005 ; 6:2365–2369.
  • Zhang et al , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015 ; 54 : 5152 –5156.
  • Zhang M, Kohr E, Hirano S. Hydrogels of chitin and chitosan. In : Nishinari K, Doi E, editors. Food hydrocolloids : structures, properties and functions. New York : Plenum Press ; 1994. p. 65–70.